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The Global Positioning System could be used as a global thermometer and used to monitor climate change, say UK meteorologists.
The idea rests on a relatively new technique for taking atmospheric measurements, called GPS radio occultation.
This involves using a satellite in low-Earth orbit to receive signals from GPS satellites. As the signals pass through the atmosphere, they are refracted slightly, with the angle of refraction depending on temperature and the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere.
Instruments on a number of research satellites measure GPS signals in this way, including the German CHAMP mission, and the joint US/Taiwan COSMIC mission.

These measurements are already used to help calculate the amount of water in the atmosphere, as well as temperature and density, which are useful in weather forecasting.
Man-made signal
Now two researchers at the Met Office Hadley Centre in Exeter and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading, both in the UK, suggest that the measurements of refraction might be used directly to confirm climate change.
In a paper to be published in Geophysical Research Letters, Mark Ringer and Sean Healy describe how they have used computer models to calculate the expected change in the refraction of the GPS signals as global warming continues.
Although natural atmospheric variations will also affect the measurements, they predict that, within 10 years, a strong signal of man-made climate change should be detectable. Their model indicates that radio waves going through the stratosphere will be bent through an angle 4% greater than today.
“I think it’s pretty significant,” says Robert Kursinski, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Arizona. “Here’s another way you can use this data in a way that will, in theory, point out a change in climate.”
Climate Change – Want to know more about global warming: the science, impacts and political debate? Visit our continually updated special report.

NewScientist.com news service
David Shiga

NASA is set to announce a new commercial partner that will try to develop a spaceship to service the International Space Station. The new partnership is possible because the US Government Accountability Office (GAO) has officially upheld NASA’s decision to sever a previous partnership with aerospace company Rocketplane Kistler.With the space shuttle set to retire in 2010, NASA is looking for alternative ways to transport astronauts and supplies to the space station. NASA’s own shuttle replacement – the Orion spacecraft and Ares I rocket – is not expected to be ready until at least 2015.In 2006, NASA signed agreements earmarking $485 million to be split between two companies trying to develop vehicles to service the orbital outpost. As part of its Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) programme, it set aside $278 million for SpaceX, based in El Segundo, California, and $207 million for Rocketplane Kistler of Oklahoma City, both in the US.The money was to be gradually doled out between 2006 and 2010 – as long as the two companies kept meeting performance milestones along the way. But after Rocketplane Kistler failed to raise a required $500 million in private financing, NASA cancelled its agreement with the company in October 2007.

The space agency wanted to quickly sign an agreement with another company to take Rocketplane Kistler’s place, but the company disputed the cancellation, filing a complaint with the GAO.
No appealThe company argued that NASA was required by US law to sign traditional procurement contracts with the COTS partners, rather than the “Space Act” agreements it actually signed. Those agreements allow NASA to back out of its partnerships without penalty if certain milestones are not met.But the GAO rejected Rocketplane Kistler’s argument. It pointed out that the law Rocketplane Kistler referred to only applies when the goods or services involved are intended to directly benefit the government.
The GAO agreed with NASA that the COTS programme is instead meant merely to “encourage, support and stimulate the development of a commercial market for space transportation, from which NASA could potentially acquire orbital transportation services”.
The GAO’s decision clears the way for NASA to select a new COTS partner in addition to SpaceX, whose partnership with NASA continues. Only $32 million was paid to Rocketplane Kistler, leaving $175 million for new partnerships.
We’re on track to award an additional partnership later in the month,” NASA spokesperson Beth Dickey of NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC, US, told New Scientist. “The GAO ruling cannot be appealed.” Dickey would not give a date for the announcement, but said it would be sometime after 8 February.

source : http://space.newscientist.com/

By Michael V. Copeland and Yi-Wyn Yen
SUNNYVALE, Calif. — There was talk of monopoly in Silicon Valley Friday morning as news of Microsoft’s $45 billion offer for Yahoo spread at Internet speed via e-mail, instant message and mobile phone. But the huge irony is Microsoft’s bid for Yahoo is seen by many here as just what is needed to fend off another monopolist in the making: Google.“We would prefer to see a healthy Microsoft and Yahoo,” says Geoff Yang, a venture capitalist with Redpoint Ventures and an early investor in Internet-based companies. “But I am starting to get worried about Google’s dominance, and in the absence of three healthy companies, I’ll take two. Competition is good for us, the industry and customers.”

A decade ago, that wouldn’t have been the case as most people in Silicon Valley viewed Bill Gates’ gang as barbarians, taking on, and in most cases crushing, cherished iconic Valley companies like Netscape. No one wants to call it out loud and proud, but the role of aggressor formerly assigned to Microsoft (MSFT) has been taken over by Google’s (GOOG) in the estimation of many of the Valley’s technologists and investors. In the case of Yahoo, Microsoft is more white knight than Visigoth.

By themselves, Yang and others are quick to point out, neither Microsoft nor Yahoo (YHOO) have demonstrated an ability to stop the Google onslaught, but combined they might have the heft to pull it off.

“Putting MSN (Microsoft’s Internet portal) and Yahoo together ought to provide some more scale and more efficiencies so that there is some reasonable competition,” says David Hornik, a venture capitalist with August Capital and another experienced Internet investor. “We could get more of a real marketplace than we have today.”

The hopeful note was also sounded by a number of former Yahoo employees. One of the original Internet companies, Yahoo still boasts the most traffic of any site online, streaming through its portal and various properties. And with additions like Flickr, Zimbra and other Web 2.0 startups, it has kept a strong hand on the content side.

“Yahoo will never catch up with Google in search,” says Paul O’Brien, a six year veteran of Yahoo and the head of marketing at local events search startup Zvents. “They can continue to be a portal, but there is not much room for growth there. But Yahoo is still a sexy company. Combining with Microsoft puts their properties in front of everyone who has a computer. If I were still at Yahoo I would think this is good news, it’s a new opportunity and new blood.”

But feelings were decidedly mixed Friday morning at Yahoo’s Silicon Valley campus in Sunnyvale, Calif. Four hours after the news hit, about a dozen Yahooligans were having coffee and omelettes in the company’s cafeteria and discussing whether Yahoo would accept Microsoft’s bid. Those approached by a Fortune reporter spoke on condition of anonymity.

“This is all anyone’s talking about this morning. But I can’t comment,” said one Yahoo employee, pointing to a glass wall where a group of managers sat. “They’re watching.”

The Microsoft offer follows Tuesday’s announcement that Yahoo would lay off 1,000 workers by mid-February.

Now this. Just how many jobs Microsoft might shed after acquiring Yahoo is a big unknown. Though employees said there had been rumors for some time about a possible Microsoft bid, the timing came as a shock. “I knew the stock price put us in prime selling territory, but I just felt like someone pulled the rug under me,” one Yahooer said.

Some couldn’t be happier as Microsoft’s announcement drove Yahoo’s stock up nearly 50 percent by mid-day. “This is great news, great news,” said one employee who works in accounting. “I’m not worried about my position or finding a job elsewhere, so I’m pretty excited about the stock going up.”

“I’m freaked out,” said another employee who joined the company less than a year ago in a junior marketing position. “I thought it would be cool to work for Microsoft at first, but then I read the letter and it sounded hostile. I’m already worried about the layoffs, and this doesn’t help.”

One worker sighed as she reached for copies of the San Jose Mercury News and the Wall Street Journal. “Just seeing if we’re in the news,” she said. “Ugh.” Behind her, about a half dozen colleagues were at the company’s gym running on treadmills with their eyes glued on CNBC’s updates.

Steve Mitgang, CEO of online video site Veoh, and a former senior vice president at Yahoo in charge of ad products and the creation of the company’s online ad system Panama, is bullish on the combination. “Online advertising is all about being able to understand users in the right context, what they do during their day and their lives,” Mitgang says. “Search is a part of that, but it’s not everything, Google doesn’t have it all. Combining Microsoft and Yahoo gives them the greatest context in the world about what users are interested in. It could be extraordinarily powerful.”

But the big fear among some in the Valley is that Microsoft somehow crushes the thing it most needs in Yahoo, Internet expertise. The smart move, say Valley insiders, is for Microsoft to admit they have failed at the Internet game and let Yahoo become their online presence. “If I were Microsoft I would look to Yahoo to be the lead in figuring out the digital future,” says Hornik. “Not the other way around.”

Big retailers are working hard to cater to tech-hungry students. Here’s how to put together a perfect package on a budget for your back-to-school student.
By Rob Kelley, CNNMoney.com staff writer

HP Pavilion dv6327cl Laptop
$778, Wal-Mart

HP’s laptop has a powerful processor and big storage at a good value.Start with a 15.4-inch display – now basically a standard in laptops – and a speedy 1.6GHz AMD chip that can handle the most processor-intensive spreadsheet thrown its way.The computer has HP’s QuickPlay software for watching DVDs or TV, or listening to music with a simple interface. It’s a computer designed for academics and entertainment. It also comes with a wireless networking card and Altec Lansing speakers.

XChange International, the source for extended technology worldwide, are pleased to announce the immediate availability of MadeToPrint XT for QuarkXPress 7 (Macintosh and Windows) as well as MadeToPrint for InDesign CS/CS2 for Acrobat 8 compatibility. MadeToPrint is an award-winning output organisation tool that provides features such as batch processing, token-based file naming and flexible layer output that go beyond the host application¹s built-in output functionality. More than that, the XTension allows hotfolder based processing of Quark 7 files, thus enabling users to output QuarkXPress documents completely unattended.

MadeToPrint XT was developed to streamline and enhance one of the most neglected but vital aspects of QuarkXPress: printing. At its simplest, MadeToPrint XT combines all the aspects of a given print job into a simple selectable item. These can include: the desired printer on the network, any special settings required for that device, page setup configuration and print dialogue settings‹including custom separation definitions and registration-mark text and placement. Features include the ability to automatically update and relink images before the current Quark document is output.

In addition, MadeToPrint XT allows for grouping of multiple print-job definitions into custom sets that can be invoked at any time to output the same document to multiple output devices, using the parameters specified for each device in its own print job. This means that with a single operation, a user can elect to have a document output to a black-and-white laser printer, a colour-proofing device, and a high-resolution imagesetter ‹ and be assured that all settings in all dialogues are correct. MadeToPrint XT reduces media waste caused by improperly chosen printer configurations, and allows for unattended output of QuarkXPress documents to any variety of formats.

MadeToPrint XT includes more output options and the addition of print styles specifically developed for PDF and EPS export. The XTension takes away the need to configure and double check output settings over and over again.
Users simply determine output settings once ‹ then use them whenever they are needed. MadeToPrint minimises efforts for printing and file export, and allows users the ability to automatically create single PostScript® and PDF pages from within multi-page Quark documents.

Features include:
€ Infobar ‹ an optional, user-definable and automatically generated job slug printed at the top of every output page that can contain comprehensive information about the document, the workstation, and the user initiating the output € Optionally replace specific graphics automatically during output with a uniformly coloured area, based on the graphic type or characteristics in the file name, to assist in manual film-stripping workflows € Includes powerful tools for working with print-to-PostScript functions in Adobe Acrobat € Optionally auto-generate a print-file name depending on and composed of multiple variables including current date and time, user ID, document name, page number, last modification date and time, name of workstation or startup volume, etc.
€ Automatically create one PostScript file per document, spread, or page € Printing of galleries ‹ a crossbreed of thumbnails and the LaserWriter n-up feature ‹ with added flexibility, very useful for printing overviews of multipage documents or customised presentations of document layouts € Print picture info ‹ print the name of a picture inside every picture box for documenting and tracking picture usage for image-intensive publications such as catalogues.
€ Automatically create one EPS for the content of each page rather than printing the page. The bounding box will be the enclosing rectangle of the elements on that page on a page-by-page basis € Provides batch print capabilities to run a set of print jobs for all documents in a selected folder

Additionally, the XTension is compatible with AutoPilot XT (sold separately), the comprehensive, high-end automation tool for QuarkXPress or Quark Publishing System®-based prepress workflows.

A new version of MadeToPrint for InDesign/InCopy CS/CS2 is available as well, boasting the same time and money-saving features for users of InDesign. Besides offering new functions like Acrobat 8 Distiller compatibility for PDF creation and efficient load balancing, the new version comprises various optimisations and debugs.

JAKARTA, Jan. 27 (Xinhua) — Former Indonesian president Soeharto, died in a hospital on Sunday at the age of 86, a senior police official told reporters at the hospital where he was being treated.
Soeharto has passed away at about 13:10 p.m. local time (0610 GMT), the official said.
Soeharto had ruled Indonesia for 32 years before he was toppled by a mass riot on May 21, 1998. He faced numerous allegation of human rights violation and corruption during his rules, but in May2006 prosecutors closed a criminal case against him due to his deteriorating health.
Soeharto was born on June 8, 1921 in the southern Javanese town of Yogyakarta but his childhood story was largely unknown.
He was the sole son from the second marriage of Javanese man Kertosudiro, who had two children from his first wife.

After his parents divorced, he was estranged to his parents and stayed with different families several times in his early life until he was adopted and raised by uncle Prawirowiharjo.
In 1940, he joined the Dutch East Indies Army and studied in a military school in the town of Gombong in west of Yogyakarta. During Japanese occupation from 1942, he had a brief spell as a police officer before joining the Japanese-sponsored militia group “Pembela Tanah Air” (abbreviated as Peta: Defenders of the Motherland).
After Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945, Soeharto entered service in the Badan Keamanan Rakyat (BKR: People’s Security Body),which fought against the remaining Japanese forces and struggled to prevent the Dutch colonial forces from retaking power.
Two years later, he married Siti Hartinah (died in 1996), believed to be a descendant of the Surakarta Kingdom in Central Java, and they had three daughters and three sons in the next 17 years.
In 1950s, Soeharto led military offensive against rebellions in eastern Indonesia and Islamic extremism on Java island.
He became closer to the presidency in 1965 when he led the Army to gradually take control of the country amid political chaos.
On March 11, 1966, ailing president Sukarno issued a decree that transferred most of his power to Soeharto, who by then had been promoted to lieutenant general.
A year later, Soeharto was named the acting president with founding father Sukarno highly isolated from politics and his health badly deteriorating.
On March 21, 1967, he was officially elected as Indonesia’s second president only days after Sukarno’s tenure was ended by the parliament.
Civil servants were banned from voting other than Golkar. The solid trio — military, Golkar and bureaucrats — made his power undisputed and earned him multiple re-elections in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993 and 1998.
On May 21, 1998, he announced his much awaited resignation and since then he lived quietly in his private residence in Central Jakarta.
Under mounting public pressures, Soeharto was placed under house arrest in 2000 as the supreme court inquiry into his graft allegations began. But a team of doctors appointed by the court declared that Soeharto was medically unfit for trials.
His case was reopened in 2002 but again doctors said it was impossible for Soeharto to stand trial, citing brain damage.

source : http://news.xinhuanet.com

Shortly before President Suharto was sworn in last March for a third five-year term as President of Indonesia, he delivered a major state of the nation speech to the People’s Consultative Assembly.The trials of his second term, Suharto said, “have made us more mature and more realistic. These experiences have done away with wishful thinking, especially the illusion that development is not a struggle . . . . We grow more conscious that in implementing development we are sometimes confronted with alternatives – which road should we take so we reach our goal safely. At times this choice isn’t between the good and the bad, but only which is less bad than others.”

Little more than a decade ago, Suharto and the Army took power and ended the “guided democracy” of the Sukarno era as well as Indonesia’s flirtation with the Soviet Union and China. At the time, Suharto made a monumental strategic decision – gambling the development of the world’s fifth most populous nation on a partnership with the free market economies of the United States, Japan and Europe. His New Order brought political stability and some economic progress. Indonesia took more effective control of its own oil and other natural resources. Soon soaring oil prices brought a wave of optimism that convinced many that Indonesia might be able to hoist itself dramatically and suddenly from poverty. But then came a worldwide recession. The engine of Suharto’s development program, the state oil company Pertamina, derailed, wrecking the illusion that somehow oil would prove a magic balm for the nation’s problems.

Today, as Suharto begins what will probably be his last term, his New Order is facing a testing time. Indonesia’s problems of population, food and jobs are looming more starkly than ever; around them center many of the themes voiced by his detractors at home.

The years ahead are likely, as well, to plumb the West’s commitment to official aid programs, and to test anew the commitment of private enterprise to a responsible role in a nation that has always held a special allure for those seeking riches from the East. Suharto’s third term is shaping up as a test of the very worthiness of the West as a partner in development.

II

The stage for all this was set early in the New Order, when Suharto brought in a team of Western-educated technocrats to run the nation’s economy. These included a host of highly able officials, ranged under Widjojo Nitisastro, head of the national development planning agency, BAPPENAS, and sometimes called by Westerners the Berkeley Mafia.

Under their guidance, Indonesia faced up to formidable problems and recorded some impressive achievements. Over the course of a decade, real gross domestic product grew at an average of about seven percent a year to more than $44 billion in 1977. Inflation, which was running at more than 600 percent during the final days of Sukarno, has been wrestled under control, now running at about ten percent a year. Foreign trade has exploded; gross exports of $10.6 billion …

source : http://www.foreignaffairs.org

Never let it be said that The Economist doesn’t enjoy taking people for a ride. In that vein, the publication would like let you know about a special little deal they’ve got going on. “In a nutshell,” they write, the ‘Mist has hired a “small team of employees,” put them in a room, and said, “go on: mental masturbate to your heart’s content come up with whatever you want, even something entirely unrelated to The Economist Group—as long as it is innovative and online.”

Now they’re not saying they’ve spent all this time getting high and not coming up with anything—in fact, they tell us that the think tank “already has some ideas, of course.” But they want more, and they want you to come up with them for them. Since they’re champions of free markets and everything, and “abhor the concept of a closed system.” That’s why you should submit an idea by March 25 that is “as simple or complex as you like…a product, a service or a business model.” Whatever, really!

If your “idea” is accepted, it immediately becomes the property of The Economist Group in every way, shape and form you can think of (or not think of), including movie rights, video games, and Second Life distribution. What’s in it for you? As a “small token of [The Economist’s] appreciation” you and yours (actually, just you) will receive a free six-month gift subscription to Economist.com. Not the actual magazine, of course, as that would be embarrassingly too generous.